1998 Ap Ushistory Dbq Essay - 1078 Words

Nardine Salama 1998 DBQ ESSAY AP. USHISTORY The origins of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties can be traced back to the early 1790s. Initially, the Federalists, or broad constructionists, favored the growth of federal power and a strong central government. The Federalists promulgated a loose interpretation of the Constitution, which meant that they believed that the government could do anything by the implied powers of the Constitution or that congress had the right to interpret the Constitution based on connotation. On the contrary, the Democratic-Republicans favored the protection of states’ rights and the strict containment of federal power. The Democratic-Republicans were strict constructionists and they†¦show more content†¦C). This Act completely cut off commerce with foreign nations until the British and the French repealed their trading restrictions on neutral shippers. As a result the American export trade and its profits dried up. Many people deemed this Act unconstituti onal; the constitution only grants congress the power to regulate commerce, it does not however state that they have the power to completely cut it off. This by itself contradicts everything Jefferson stood up for. Albert Gallatin, one of the best financial minds in the Republican Party, convinced Jefferson that the Bank of the U.S. was essential for financial stability. Although the creation of the Bank of the U.S. reduced the nation’s debt from 83 million in 1800 to 57 million by 1809 , the creation in its self shows a great deal of broad constructionism. Although the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds, nowhere in the constitution does it state that congress has the power to charter a bank. John Randolph, a Republican congressman from Virginia, claimed that â€Å"this government (Jeffersonian) created and gave power to congress to regulate commerce and equalize duties in the whole of the U.S, and not to lay a duty but with a steady eye to revenue†. What John Randolph was trying to say was that

What Is The True Purpose Of Relationships Essay - 1464 Words

What Is The True Purpose of Relationships? By Yol Swan | Submitted On September 29, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Yol Swan Did you know that relationships are eternal? They reflect the energetic ties and karma to be played out incarnation after incarnation, as we carry them along on our soul journey. In truth, we ve been meeting pretty much the same souls over and over, trying to heal our wounds and learning to relate with love and compassion for one another, or at least enough detachment to break any toxic or painful bonds. Sometimes we meet them for just a moment and sometimes we maintain relationships that last years, depending on what we ve chosen to work on. This is why you may feel an instant connection or attraction to some people, as well as an aversion toward certain individuals, and these may include family members that you are supposed to love. Indeed, close family members are the ones we usually share the most negative karma with! Yet we need to experience those painful relationships to resolve old emotional patterns and tendencies, to grow and evolve. Relationships are complex and multi-layered. On one level, they connect us to the world,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Executive Loan877 Words   |  4 Pagesalmost without exception I have had the opportunity to attend Executive Loan Review every week. What follows are what I have identified as main themes from these meetings. Purpose: It may seem that the purpose of loan review is to learn how to be a better lender. While I have learned a great many things about lending in these meetings, that education is largely incidental to the primary purpose. 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Disability Discrimination Law Free Essays

In the recent news about Disability Discrimination Law, a particular employee named Kevin Tobin achieved justice after almost a decade of his case (Mulvany, n. p. ). We will write a custom essay sample on Disability Discrimination Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tobin was employed at Liberty Mutual and had been good in carrying out his tasks (Mulvany, n. p. ). However, he was suffering from bipolar disorder. On Tonbin’s part, he exerted effort to compensate his lost hours of work. But then, his employer still perceived him as high maintenance (Mulvany, n. p. ). Eventually, he was fired. Just recently, the CA affirmed the reinstatement of $1. 3 million to Tobin. The article proves that discrimination in workplace still exists. This is brought by conflicting interest between the state, employee, and employer. As to the state, it enacts laws to protect the general welfare, especially the disabled persons. On one hand, the disable person exerts effort to disregard his disabilities by showing that he can be normal. On the other hand, the employer protects its interest from profiting and having disable employees only adds them loses. In this scenario, the law tries to equalize the conflicting interests. On the part of employers, they should not forget their moral responsibility to the society. Helping the disabled person can be part of fulfilling such duty. Besides, among many disabled people, there are always special are where they are capable of doing and even surpassing the expectations of employers. Instead of discriminating, the employers should help in eradicating the gaps that continued to detach people living in one country. Giving chance to disabled people is one. The case of Tobin also proves that the Disability Discrimination Law is being upheld in the country. Furthermore, Tobin’s case brings hope to other disabled people who are still suffering discrimination due to their special qualities. How to cite Disability Discrimination Law, Papers

Reproduction in Organisms Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Reproduction in OrganismsIntroductionBiology in kernel is the narrative of life on Earth. While single beings die without fail. species continue to populate through 1000000s of old ages unless threatened by natural or anthropogenetic extinction. Reproduction becomes a critical procedure without which species can non last for long. Each single leaves its offspring by nonsexual or sexual agencies. Sexual manner of reproduction enables creative activity of new discrepancies. so that survival advantage is enhanced. This unit examines the general rules underlying generative procedures in life beings and so explains the inside informations of this procedure in blooming workss and worlds as easy to associate representative illustrations. A related position on human generative wellness and how generative ailment wellness can be avoided is besides presented to finish our apprehension of biological science of reproduction. Born in November 1904 in Jaipur ( Rajasthan ) Panchanan Maheshwari r ose to go one of the most distinguished phytologists non merely of India but of the full universe. He moved to Allahabad for higher instruction where he obtained his D. Sc. During his college yearss. he was inspired by Dr W. Dudgeon. an American missionary instructor. to develop involvement in Botany and particularly morphology. His instructor one time expressed that if his pupil progresses in front of him. it will give him a great satisfaction. These words encouraged Panchanan to ask what he could make for his instructor in return. He worked on embryological facets and popularised the usage of embryological characters in taxonomy. He established the Department of Botany. University of Delhi as an of import Centre of research in embryology and tissue civilization. He besides emphasised the demand for induction of work on unreal civilization of immature embryos. These yearss. tissue civilization has become a landmark in scientific discipline. His work on trial tubing fertilization and intra-ovarian pollenation won world-wide acclamation. He was honoured with family of Royal Society of London ( FRS ) . Indian National Science Academy and several other nstitutions of excellence. He encouraged general instruction and made a important part to school instruction by his leading in conveying out the really first text edition of Biology for Higher Secondary Schools published by NCERT in 1964. Chapter 1: Reproduction IN ORGANISMSEach and every being can populate merely for a certain period of clip. The period from birth to the natural decease of an being represents its life span. Life spans of a few beings are given in Figure 1. 1. Several other beings are drawn for which you should happen out their life spans and compose in the infinites provided. Analyze the life spans of beings represented in the Figure 1. 1. Isn’t it both interesting and challenging to observe that it may be every bit short as a few yearss or every bit long as a few thousand old ages? Between these two extremes are the life spans of most other life beings. You may observe that life spans of beings are non needfully correlated with their sizes ; the sizes of crows and parrots are non really different yet their life spans show a broad difference. Similarly. a Mangifera indica tree has a much shorter life span as compared to a peepal tree. Whatever be the life span. decease of every single being is a certainty. i. e. . no person is immortal. except one-celled beings. Why do we state there is no natural decease in one-celled beings? Given this world. have you of all time wondered how huge figure of works and animate being species have existed on Earth for several 1000s of old ages? There must be some procedures in life beings that guarantee this continuity. Yes. we are speaking about reproduction. something that we take for granted. Reproduction is defined as a biological procedure in which an being gives rise to immature 1s ( offspring ) similar to itself. The offspring grow. mature and in bend produce new offspring. Therefore. there is a rhythm of birth. growing and decease. Reproduction enables the continuity of the species. coevals after coevals. You will analyze subsequently in Chapter 5 ( Principles of Inheritance and Variation ) how familial fluctuation is created and inherited during reproduction. There is a big diverseness in the biological universe and each being has evolved its ain mechanism to multiply and bring forth offspring. The organism’s home ground. its internal physiology and several other factors are jointly responsible for how it reproduces. Based on whether there is engagement of one being or two in the procedure of reproduction. it is of two types. When offspring is produced by a individual parent with or without the engagement of gamete formation. the reproduction is nonsexual. Wh en two parents ( opposite sex ) participate in the generative procedure and besides affect merger of male and female gametes. it is called sexual reproduction. 1. 1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION In this method. a individual person ( parent ) is capable of bring forthing offspring. As a consequence. the progeny that are roduced are non merely indistinguishable to one another but are besides exact transcripts of their parent. Are these offspring probably to be genetically indistinguishable or different? The term ringer is used to depict such morphologically and genetically similar persons. Let us see how widespread nonsexual reproduction is. among different groups of beings. Asexual reproduction is common among one-celled beings. and in workss and animate beings with comparatively simple administrations. In Protists and Monerans. the being or the parent cell divides into two to give rise to new persons ( Figure1. 2 ) . Therefore. in these beings cell division is itself a manner of reproduction. Many one-celled beings reproduce by binary fission. where a cell divides into two halves and each quickly grows into an grownup ( e. g. . Amoeba. Paramecium ) . In barm. the division is unequal and little budsare produced that remain affiliated ab initio to the parent cell which. finally gets separated and maturate into new barm beings ( cells ) . Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple workss such as algae reproduce through particular nonsexual generative constructions ( Figure 1. 3 ) . The most common of these constructions are zoospores that normally are microscopic motile constructions. Other common nonsexual generative constructions are conidia ( Penicillium ) . buds ( Hydra ) and gemmules ( sponge ) . You have learnt about vegetive reproduction in workss in Class XI. What do you believe – Is vegetive reproduction besides a type of nonsexual reproduction? Why do you state so? Is the term ringer applicable to the progeny formed by vegetive reproduction? While in animate beings and other simple organisms the term nonsexual is used unequivocally. in workss. the term vegetive reproduction is often used. In workss. the units of vegetive extension such as smuggler. rootstock. chump. tuber. beginning. bulb are all capable of giving rise to new progeny ( Figure1. 4 ) . These constructions are called vegetive propagules. Obviously. since the formation of these constructions does non affect two parents. the procedure involved is nonsexual. You must hold heard about the flagellum of the H2O organic structures or about the ‘terror of Bengal’ . This is nil but the aquatic works ‘water hyacinth’ which is one of the most invasive weeds found turning wherever there is standing H2O. It drains O from the H2O. which leads to decease of fishes. You will larn more about it in Chapters 13 and 14. You may happen it interesting to cognize that this works was introduced in India because of its beautiful flowers and form of foliages. Since it can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the H2O organic structure in a short period of clip. it is really hard to acquire rid off them. Are you cognizant how workss like murphy. sugar cane. banana. ginger. Dahlia pinnatas are cultivated? Have you seen little workss emerging from the buds ( called eyes ) of the murphy tuber. from the rootstocks of banana and ginger? When you carefully seek to find the site of beginning of the new plantlets in the workss listed supra. you will detect that they constantly arise from the nodes present in the modified root of these workss. When the nodes come in contact with moist dirt or H2O. they produce roots and new workss. Similarly. adventitious buds arise from the notches present at borders of foliages of Bryophyllum. This ability is to the full exploited by nurserymans and husbandmans for commercial extension of such workss. It is interesting to observe that nonsexual reproduction is the common method of reproduction in beings that have a comparatively simple administration. like algae and Fungi and that they shift to sexual method of reproduction merely before the oncoming of inauspicious conditions. Find out how sexual reproduction enables these beings to last during unfavorable conditions? Why is sexual reproduction favoured under such conditions? Asexual ( vegetive ) every bit good as sexual manners of r eproduction are exhibited by the higher workss. On the other manus. merely sexual manner of reproduction is present in most of the animate beings. 1. 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes. either by the same person or by different persons of the opposite sex. These gametes fuse to organize the fertilized ovum which develops to organize the new being. It is an luxuriant. complex and slow procedure as compared to nonsexual reproduction. Because of the merger of male and female gametes. sexual reproduction consequences in offspring that are non indistinguishable to the parents or amongst themselves. A survey of diverse organisms– workss. animate beings or fungi–show that though they differ so greatly in external morphology. internal construction and physiology. when it comes to sexual manner of reproduction. surprisingly. they portion a similar form. Let us foremost discourse what characteristics are common to these diverse beings. All beings have to make a certain phase of growing and adulthood in their life. before they can reproduce sexually. That period of growing is called the juveni le stage. It is known as vegetive stage in workss. This stage is of variable continuances in different beings. The terminal of juvenile/vegetative stage which marks the beginning of the generative stage can be seen easy in the higher workss when they come to bloom. How long does it take for marigold/rice/wheat/coconut/ Mangifera indica workss to come to bloom? In some workss. where blooming occurs more than one time. what would you name the inter-flowering period – juvenile or mature? Detect a few trees in your country. Do they bloom during the same month twelvemonth after twelvemonth? Why do you believe the handiness of fruits like Mangifera indica. apple. Artocarpus heterophyllus. etc. . is seasonal? Are at that place some workss that flower throughout the twelvemonth and some others that show seasonal blossoming? Plants –the one-year and two-year types. show clear cut vegetive. generative and aging stages. but in the perennial species it is really hard to clearly specify these stages. A few workss exhibit unusual blossoming phenomenon ; some of them such as bamboo species flower merely one time in their life clip. by and large after 50-100 old ages. bring forth big figure of fruits and dice. Another works. Strobilanthus kunthia na ( neelakuranji ) . flowers one time in 12 old ages. As many of you would be cognizing that this works flowered during September-October 2006. Its mass blossoming transformed big paths of hilly countries in Kerala. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu into bluish stretches and attracted a big figure of tourers. In animate beings. the juvenile stage is followed by morphological and physiological alterations prior to active generative behavior. The generative stage is besides of variable continuance in different beings. Can you name the alterations seen in human existences that are declarative of generative adulthood? Among animate beings. for illustration birds. do they put eggs all through the twelvemonth? Or is it a seasonal phenomenon? What about other animate beings like toads and lizards? You will detect that. birds populating in nature ballad eggs merely seasonally. However. birds in imprisonment ( as in domestic fowl farms ) can be made to put eggs throughout the twelvemonth. In this instance. puting eggs is non related to reproduction but is a commercial development for human public assistance. The females of placental mammals exhibit cyclical alterations in the activities of ovaries and accessary canals every bit good as endocrines during the generative stage. In non-primate mammals like cattles. sheep. rats. cervids. Canis familiariss. tiger. etc. . such cyclical alterations during reproduction are called oestrus rhythm where as in Primatess ( monkeys. apes. and worlds ) it is calledmenstrual rhythm. Many mammals. particularly those populating in natural. wild conditions exhibit such rhythms merely during favorable seasons in their generative stage and are hence called seasonal breeders. Many other mammals are reproductively active throughout their generative stage and hence are called uninterrupted breeders. That we all grow old ( if we live long plenty ) . is something that we recognise. But what is meant by turning old? The terminal of generative stage can be considered as one of the parametric quantities of aging or old age. There are attendant alterations in the organic structure ( like deceleration of metamorphosis. etc. ) during this last stage of life span. Old age finally leads to decease. In both workss and animate beings. endocrines are responsible for the passages between the three stages. Interaction between endocrines and certain environmental factors regulate the generative procedures and the associated behavioral looks of beings. Events in sexual reproduction: After attainment of adulthood. all sexually reproducing organisms exhibit events and procedures that have singular cardinal similarity. even though the constructions associated with sexual reproduction are so really different. The events of sexual reproduction though luxuriant and complex. follow a regular sequence. Sexual reproduction is characterised by the merger ( or fertilization ) of the male and female gametes. the formation of fertilized ovum and embryogenesis. For convenience these consecutive events may be grouped into three distinguishable phases viz. . the pre-fertilisation. fertilization and the post-fertilisation events. 1. 2. 1 Pre-fertilisation Events These include all the events of sexual reproduction prior to the merger of gametes. The two chief pre-fertilisation events are gametogenesis and gamete transportation. 1. 2. 1. 1 GametogenesisAs you are already cognizant gametogenesis refers to the procedure of formation of the two types of gametes – male and female. Gametes are monoploid cells. In some algae the two gametes are so similar in visual aspect that it is non possible to categorize them into male and female gametes. They are therefore called homogametes ( isogametes ) ( Figure 1. 5a ) . However. in a bulk of sexually reproducing organisms the gametes produced are of two morphologically distinguishable types ( heterogametes ) . In such organisms the male gamete is called the spermatozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg or egg cell ( Figure1. 5 b. degree Celsius ) . Sex in beings: Sexual reproduction in beings by and large involves the merger of gametes from two different persons. But this is non eve r true. From your remembrance of illustrations studied in Class XI. can you place instances where self-fertilization is observed? Of class. mentioning such illustrations in workss is easy. Plants may hold both male and female generative constructions in the same works ( bisexual ) ( Figure 1. 6 c. vitamin E ) or on different workss ( unisexual ) ( Figure 1. 6d ) . In several Fungis and workss. footings such as homothallic and monecious are used to denote the bisexual status and heterothallic and dioecian are the footings used to depict unisexual status. In blooming workss. the unisexual male flower is antheral. i. e. . bearing stamens. while the female is carpellate or bearing pistils. In some blossoming workss. both male and female flowers may be present on the same person ( monecious ) or on separate persons ( dioecian ) . Some illustrations of monecious workss are cucurbits and coconuts and of dioecian workss are papaya and day of the month thenar. Name the type of gametes that are formed in staminate and pistillate flowers. But what about animate beings? Are persons of all species either male or female ( unisexual ) ? Or are there species which possess both the generative variety meats ( bisexual ) ? You likely can do a list of several unisexual animate being species. Earthworms. ( Figure 1. 6a ) sponge. cestode and bloodsucker. typical il lustrations of bisexual animate beings that possess both male and female generative variety meats. are intersexs. Cockroach ( Figure 1. 6b ) is an illustration of a unisexual species. Cell division during gamete formation: Gametes in all heterogametic species are of two types viz. . male and female. Gametes are monoploid though the parent works organic structure from which they arise may be either haploid or diploid. A monoploid parent produces gametes by mitotic division. Does this mean that miosis neer occurs in beings that are haploid? Carefully analyze the flow charts of life rhythms of algae that you have studied in Class XI ( Chapter 3 ) to acquire a suited reply. Several beings belonging to monera. Fungis. algae and nonvascular plants have haploid works organic structure. but organisms belonging to nonflowering plants. gymnosperms. flowering plants and most of the animate beings including human existences. the parental organic structure is diploid. It is obvious that miosis. the decrease division. has to happen if a diploid organic structure has to bring forth monoploid gametes. In diploid beings. specialised cells called meiocytes ( gamete mother cell ) un dergo miosis. At the terminal of miosis. merely one set of chromosomes gets incorporated into eachgamete. Carefully study Table 1. 1 and make full in the diploid and monoploid chromosome Numberss of beings. Is at that place any relationship in the figure of chromosomes of meiocytes and gametes? 1. 2. 1. 2 Gamete Transportation After their formation. male and female gametes must be physically brought together to ease merger ( fertilization ) . Have you of all time wondered how the gametes run into? In a bulk of beings. male gamete is motile and the female gamete is stationary. Exceptions are a few Fungi and algae in which both types of gametes are motile ( Figure1. 7a ) . There is a demand for a medium through which the male gametes move. In several simple workss like algae. nonvascular plants and nonflowering plants. H2O is the medium through which this gamete transportation takes topographic point. A big figure of the male gametes. nevertheless. neglect to make the female gametes. To counterbalance this loss of male gametes during conveyance. the figure of male gametes produced is several thousand times the figure of female gametes produced. In seed workss. pollen grains are the bearers of male gametes and ovule have the egg. Pollen grains produced in anthers hence. hold to be transferred to the stigma before it can take to fertilization ( Figure 1. 7b ) . In bisexual. self-fertilising workss. e. g. . peas. transportation of pollen grains to the stigma is comparatively easy as anthers and stigma are located near to each other ; pollen grains shortly after they are shed. come in contact with the stigma. But in cross pollinating workss ( including dioecian workss ) . a specialized event called pollinationfacilitates transportation of pollen grains to the stigma. Pollen grains germinate on the stigma and the pollen tubes transporting the male gametes reach the ovule and dispatch male gametes near the egg. In dioecian animate beings. since male and female gametes are formed in different persons. the being must germinate a particular mechanism for gamete transportation. Successful transportation and coming together of gametes is indispensable for the most critical event in sexual reproduction. the fertilizatio n. 1. 2. 2 Fertilization The most critical event of sexual reproduction is possibly the merger of gametes. This procedure called syngamy consequences in the formation of a diploid fertilized ovum. The term fertilization is besides frequently used for this procedure. The footings syngamy and fertilization are often used though. interchangeably. What would go on if syngamy does non happen? However. it has to be mentioned here that in some beings like rotifers. Apis melliferas and even some lizards and birds ( Meleagris gallopavo ) . the female gamete undergoes development to organize new beings without fertilization. This phenomenon is called parthenogeny. Where does syngamy happen? In most aquatic beings. such as a bulk of algae and fishes every bit good as amphibious vehicles. syngamy occurs in the external medium ( H2O ) . i. e. . outside the organic structure of the being. This type of gametic merger is called external fertilization. Organisms exhibiting external fertilization show great synchronism between the sexes and let go of a big figure of gametes into the environing medium ( H2O ) in order to heighten the opportunities of syngamy. This happens in the bony fishes and toads where a big figure of offspring are produced. A major disadvantage is that the progeny are highly vulnerable to marauders endangering their endurance up to adulthood. In many tellurian beings. belonging to fungi. higher animate beings such as reptilians birds. mammals and in a bulk of workss ( nonvascular plants. nonflowering plants. gymnosperms and flowering plants ) . syngamy occurs inside the organic structure of the being. hence the procedure is called internal fertilization. In all these beings. egg is formed inside the female organic structure where they fuse with the male gamete. In organisms exhibiting internal fertilization. the male gamete is motile and has to make the egg in order to blend with it. In these even though the fig ure of sperms produced is really big. there is a important decrease in the figure of eggs produced. In seed workss. nevertheless. the non-motile male gametes are carried to female gamete by pollen tubings. 1. 2. 3 Post-fertilisation Events Events in sexual reproduction after the formation of fertilized ovum are called post-fertilisation events. 1. 2. 3. 1 The ZygoteFormation of the diploid fertilized ovum is cosmopolitan in all sexually reproducing beings. In organisms with external fertilization. fertilized ovum is formed in the external medium ( normally H2O ) . whereas in those exhibiting internal fertilization. fertilized ovum is formed inside the organic structure of the being. Further development of the fertilized ovum depends on the type of life rhythm the being has and the environment it is exposed to. In organisms belonging to fungi and algae. fertilized ovum develops a midst wall that is immune to dessication and harm. It undergoes a period of remainder before sprouting. In organisms with haplontic life rhythm ( As you have read in Class XI ) . fertilized ovum divides by miosis to organize haploid spores that grow into monoploid persons. Consult your Class XI book and happen out what sort of development takes topographic point in the fertilized ovum in beings with diplontic and haplo-diplontic life rhythms. Zygote is the critical nexus that ensures continuity of species between beings of one coevals and the following. Every sexually reproducing being. including human existences begin life as a individual cell–the fertilized ovum. 1. 2. 3. 2 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis refers to the procedure of development of embryo from the fertilized ovum. During embryogenesis. fertilized ovum undergoes cell division ( mitosis ) and cell distinction. While cell divisions increase the figure of cells in the underdeveloped embryo ; cell distinction helps groups of cells to undergo certain alterations to organize specialized tissues and variety meats to organize an being. You have studied about the procedure of cell division and distinction in the old category. Animals are categorised into oviparous and live-bearing based on whether the development of the fertilized ovum take topographic point outside the organic structure of the female parent or interior. i. e. . whether they lay fertilised/unfertilised eggs or give birth to immature 1s. In oviparous animate beings like reptilians and birds. the fertilised eggs covered by difficult chalky shell are laid in a safe topographic point in the environment ; after a period of incubation immature 1s hatch ou t. On the other manus. in live-bearing animate beings ( bulk of mammals including human existences ) . the fertilized ovum develops into a immature one inside the organic structure of the female being. After achieving a certain phase of growing. the immature 1s are delivered out of the organic structure of the female being. Because of proper embryologic attention and protection. the opportunities of endurance of immature 1s is greater in live-bearing beings. In blooming workss. the fertilized ovum is formed inside the ovule. After fertilization the sepals. petals and stamens of the flower wither and autumn away. Can you call a works in which the sepals remain attached? The pistil nevertheless. remains affiliated to the works. The fertilized ovum develops into the embryo and the ovules develop into the seed. The ovary develops into the fruit which develops a midst wall called seed vessel that is protective in map ( Figure 1. 8 ) . After dispersion. seeds germinate under favorable conditi ons to bring forth new workss. SummaryReproduction enables a species to populate coevals after coevals. Reproduction in beings can be loosely classified into nonsexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction does non affect the formation or merger of gametes. It is common in beings that have a comparatively simple administration such as the Fungi. algae and some invertebrate animate beings. The progeny formed by nonsexual reproduction are indistinguishable and are referred to as ringers. Zoospores. conidiospore. etc. . are the most common nonsexual constructions formed in several algae and Fungis. Budding and gemmule formation are the common nonsexual methods seen in animate beings. Prokaryotes and unicellular beings reproduce asexually by cell division or binary fission of the parent cell. In several aquatic and tellurian species of flowering plants. constructions such as smugglers. rootstocks. chumps. tubers. beginnings. etc. . are capable of giving rise to new offspring. This method of nonsexual reproduct ion is by and large referred to as vegetive extension. Sexual reproduction involves the formation and merger of gametes. It is a complex and slower procedure as compared to nonsexual reproduction. Most of the higher animate beings reproduce about wholly by sexual method. Events of sexual reproduction may be categorised into pre-fertilisation. fertilization and post-fertilisation events. Pre-fertilisation events include gametogenesis and gamete transportation while post-fertilisation events include the formation of fertilized ovum and embryogenesis. Organisms may be bisexual or unisexual. Sex in workss is varied. peculiarly in flowering plants. due to the production of diverse types of flowers. Plants are defined as monecious and dioecian. Flowers may be bisexual or unisexual flowers. Gametes are haploid in nature and normally a direct merchandise of meiotic division except in haploid beings where gametes are formed by mitosis. Transportation of male gametes is an indispensable event in sexual reproduction. It is comparatively easy in bisexual beings. In unisexual animate beings it occurs by sexual intercourse or coincident release. In flowering plants. a particular procedure called pollenation ensures transportation of pollen grains which carry the pollen grains to the stigma. Syngamy ( fertilization ) occurs between the male and female gametes. Syngamy may happen either externally. outside the organic structure of beings or internally. inside the organic structure. Syngamy leads to formation of a specialised cell called fertilized ovum. The procedure of development of embryo from the fertilized ovum is called embryogenesis. In animate beings. the fertilized ovum starts developing shortly after its formation. Animals may be either oviparous or live-bearing. Embryonic protection and attention are better in live-bearing beings. In blooming workss. after fertilization. ovary develops into fruit and ovules mat ure into seeds. Inside the mature seed is the primogenitor of the following coevals. the embryo. Exercise 1. Why is reproduction indispensable for beings?2. Which is a better manner of reproduction: sexual or nonsexual? Why? 3. Why is the offspring formed by nonsexual reproduction referred to as ringer? 4. Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better opportunities of endurance. Why? Is this statement ever true? 5. How does the offspring formed from nonsexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?6. Distinguish between nonsexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetive reproduction besides considered as a type of nonsexual reproduction? 7. What is vegetive extension? Give two suited illustrations. 8. Specify ( a ) Juvenile stage.( B ) Reproductive stage.( degree Celsius ) Senescent stage.9. Higher beings have resorted to sexual reproduction in malice of its complexness. Why? 10. Explain why miosis and gametogenesis are ever interlinked? 11. Identify each portion in a blossoming works and compose whether it is monoploid ( n ) or diploid ( 2n ) . ( a ) Ovary ———————————( B ) Anther ———————————( degree Celsius ) Egg ———————————( vitamin D ) Pollen ———————————( vitamin E ) Male gamete ———————————( degree Fahrenheit ) Zygote ———————————12. Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages. 13. Differentiate between a zoospore and a ten fertilized ovum.14. Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.15. Describe the post-fertilisation alterations in a flower.16. What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your vicinity and with the aid of yo ur instructor happen out their common and scientific names. 17. Analyze a few flowers of any cucurbit works and seek to place the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you cognize any other works that bears unisexual flowers? 18. Why are offspring of oviparous animate beings at a greater hazard as compared to offspring of live-bearing animate beings? Multiple-choice Question 1. A few statements depicting certain characteristics of reproduction are given below: i. Gametic merger takes topographic pointtwo. Transportation of familial stuff takes topographic pointthree. Reduction division takes topographic pointfour. Progeny have some resemblance with parentsChoose the options that are true for both nonsexual and sexual reproduction from the options given below:( a ) I and two ; ( B ) two and three ; ( degree Celsius ) two and four ; ( vitamin D ) I and three. 2. The term ‘clone’ can non be applied to offspring formed by sexual reproduction because: a. Offspring do non possess exact transcripts of parental Deoxyribonucleic acid b. Deoxyribonucleic acid of merely one parent is copied and passed on to the offspring c. Offspring are formed at different timesd. Deoxyribonucleic acid of parent and offspring are wholly different.3. Amoeba and Yeast reproduce asexually by fission and budding severally. because they are: a. Microscopic organismsb. Heterotrophic beingsc. Unicellular beingsd. Uninucleate beings.4. A few statements with respect to sexual reproduction are given below: I. Sexual reproduction does non ever necessitate two persons ii. Sexual reproduction by and large involves gametic mergerthree. Meiosis neer occurs during sexual reproductionfour. External fertilization is a regulation during sexual reproduction Choose the right statements from the options below:( a ) I and four ( B ) I and two ( degree Celsius ) two and three ( vitamin D ) I and four5. A multicellular. filiform alga exhibits a type of sexual life rhythm in which the meiotic division occurs after the formation of fertilized ovum. The grow nup fibril of this alga has a. monoploid vegetive cells and diploid gametangia b. diploid vegetive cells and diploid gametangiac. diploid vegetive cells and haploid gametangiad. haploid vegetive cells and monoploid gametangia.6. The male gametes of rice works have 12 chromosomes in their karyon. The chromosome figure in the female gamete. fertilized ovum and the cells of the seedling will be. severally. a. 12. 24. 12B. 24. 12. 12c. 12. 24. 24d. 24. 12. 24.7. Given below are a few statements related to external fertilisation. Choose the right statements. I. The male and female gametes are formed and released at the same time two. Merely a few gametes are released into the medium three. Water is the medium in a bulk of beings exhibiting external fertilisation four. Offspring formed as a consequence of external fertilisation have better opportunity of endurance than those formed inside an being ( a ) three and four ( B ) I and three ( degree Celsius ) two and four ( vitamin D ) I and four8. The statements given below describe certain characteristics that are observed in the pistil of flowers. i. Pistil may hold many carpelstwo. Each carpel may hold more than one ovulethree. Each carpel has merely one ovulefour. Pistil have merely one carpelChoose the statements that are true from the options below:( a ) I and two ( B ) I and three ( degree Celsius ) two and four ( vitamin D ) three and four 9. Which of the undermentioned state of affairss right describe the similarity between an angiosperm egg and a human egg? i. Eggs of both are formed merely one time in a life-timetwo. Both the flowering plant egg and human egg are stationarythree. Both the flowering plant egg and human egg are motile transported four. Syngamy in both consequences in the formation of fertilized ovumChoose the correct reply from the options given below:( a ) two and four ( B ) iv merely ( degree Celsius ) three and four ( vitamin D ) I and four 10. Appearance of vegetive propagules from the nodes of workss such as sugar cane and ginger is chiefly because: a. Nodes are shorter than internodesB. Nodes have meristematic cellsc. Nodes are located near the dirtd. Nodes have non-photosynthetic cells11. Which of the undermentioned statements. back up the position that luxuriant sexual generative procedure appeared much later in the organic development. I. Lower groups of beings have simpler organic structure design two. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groupsthree. Asexual reproduction is common in higher groups of organisms four. The high incidence of sexual reproduction in flowering plants and craniates Choose the correct reply from the options given below: ( a ) I and three ; ( b ) I and three ( degree Celsius ) two and four ( vitamin D ) two and three12. Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more fluctuation than those formed by Asexual reproduction because: a. Sexual reproduction is a drawn-out procedureb. Gametes of parents have qualitatively different familial composing c. Genetic stuff comes from parents of two different species d. Greater sum of DNA is involved in sexual reproduction. 13. Choose the right statement from amongst the followers: a. Dioecious ( intersex ) beingare seen merely in animate beings b. Dioecious beings are seen merely in workss c. Dioecious beings are seen in both workss and animate beingsd. Dioecious beings are seen merely in craniates14. There is no natural decease in individual celled beings like Amoeba and bacteriums because:a. They can non reproduce sexuallyB. They reproduce by binary fissionc. Parental organic structure is distributed among the progenyd. They are microscopic15. There are assorted types of reproduction. The type of reproduction adopted by an being depends on:a. The home ground and morphology of the beingb. Morphology of the beingc. Morphology and physiology of the beingd. The organism’s home ground. physiology and familial make-up16. Identify the wrong statement.a. In nonsexual reproduction. the progeny produced are morphologically and genetically indistinguishable to the parent b. Zoospores are sexual generative constructionsc. In nonsexual reproduction. a individual parent produces offspring with or without the formation of gametes d. Conidia are nonsexual constructions in Pen icillium 17. Which of the followers is a post-fertilisation event in blooming workss? a. Transportation of pollen grainsb. Embryo developmentc. Formation of flowerd. Formation of pollen grains18. The figure of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a corn works is 20. The figure of chromosomes in the microspore female parent cells of the same works shall be: a. 20B. 10c. 40d. 15 Very Short ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS1. Mention two built-in features of Amoeba and barm that enable themto reproduce asexually. 2. Why do we mention to offspring formed by nonsexual method of reproduction as ringers? 3. Although potato tuber is an belowground portion. it is considered as a root. Give two grounds. 4. Between an one-year and a perennial works. which 1 has a shorter juvenile stage? Give one ground. 5. Rearrange the undermentioned events of sexual reproduction in the sequence in which they occur in a blossoming works: embryogenesis. fertilization. gametogenesis. pollenation. 6. The chance of fruit set in a self-fertilized bisexual flower of a works is far greater than a dioecian works. Explain. 7. Is the presence of big figure of chromosomes in an being a hinderance to sexual reproduction? Justify your reply by giving suited grounds. 8. Is at that place a relationship between the size of an being and its life span? Give two illustrations in support of your reply. 9. In the f igure given below the works bears two different types of flowers marked ‘A’ and ‘B’ . Identify the types of flowers and province the type of pollenation that will happen in them. 10. Give grounds as to why cell division can non be a type of reproduction in multicellular beings. 11. In the figure given below. tag the ovule and seed vessel. 12. Why do gametes produced in big Numberss in organisms exhibit external fertilization? 13. Which of the followerss are monecious and dioecian beings. a. Earthworm ______________b. Chara ______________c. Marchantia ______________d. Cockroach ______________14. Match the beings given in Column-’A’ with the vegetive propagules given in column ‘B’ .Col. A Col. B i. Bryophyllum a ) beginningtwo. Agave B ) eyes iii. Potato degree Celsius ) foliage buds four. Water hyacinth vitamin D ) bulblets15. What do the undermentioned parts of a flower develop into after fertilization? a. Ovary ______________b. Ovules ______________ Short ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS1. In monoploid beings that undergo sexual reproduction. call the phase in the life rhythm when miosis occurs. Give grounds for your reply. 2. The figure of taxa exhibiting nonsexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher workss ( flowering plants ) and higher animate beings ( craniates ) as compared with lower groups of workss and animate beings. Analyse the possible grounds for this state of affairs. 3. Honeybees produce their immature 1s merely by sexual reproduction. Inspite of this. in a settlement of bees we find both haploid and diploid persons. Name the haploid and diploid persons in the settlement and analyze the grounds behind their formation. 4. With which type of reproduction do we tie in the decrease division? Analyse the grounds for it. 5. Is it possible to see vegetive extension observed in certain workss like Bryophyllum. H2O jacinth. ginger etc. . as a type of nonsexual reproduction? Give two/three grounds. 6. ‘Fertilisation is non an obligatory event for fruit production in certains plants’ . Explain the statement. 7. In a underdeveloped embryo. analyze the effects if cell divisions are non followed by cell distinction. 8. List the alterations observed in an flowering plant flower subsequent to pollenation and fertilization. 9. Propose a possible account why the seeds in a pea cod are arranged in a row. whereas those in tomato are scattered in the juicy mush. 10. Pull the studies of a zoospore and a conidiospore. Mention two unsimilarities between them and atleast one characteristic common to both constructions. 11. Justify the statement ‘Vegetative reproduction is besides a type of nonsexual reproduction’ . LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Enumerate the differences between nonsexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the types of nonsexual reproduction exhibited by unicellular beings. 2. Make all the gametes formed from a parent being have the same familial composing ( indistinguishable DNA transcripts of the parental genome ) ? Analyse the state of affairs with the background of gametogenesis and supply or give suited account. 3. Although sexual reproduction is a long drawn. energy-intensive complex signifier of reproduction. many groups of beings in Kingdom Animalia and Plantae prefer this manner of reproduction. Give atleast three grounds for this. 4. Differentiate between ( a ) heat and catamenial rhythms ; ( B ) ovipary and vivipary. Cite an illustration for each type. 5. Rose workss produce big. attractive bisexual flowers but they seldom produce fruits. On the other manus a tomato works produces plentifulness of fruits though they have little flowers. Analyse the grounds for failure of fruit formation in rose. Both these workss – rose and tomato – both selected by human existences for different features. the rose for its flower and tomato for its fruit. Roses. being vegetatively propagated do non necessitate to bring forth seeds.

Effects of overpopulation Essay Example

Effects of overpopulation Paper Even thought the world is witnessing a sustainable improvement in all fields such as science and technology, it is still facing several problems that keep blocking it from improvement. One such problem is overpopulation that affects our life in many ways. Overpopulation generates three major effects: economy decline, environment downfall, and educational system decline. The first major effect of overpopulation is economy decline. When a country is overpopulated, it barely can support and provide people with necessary DOD to survive, so it will have no surplus to export. Not only this, but the worst thing is when a county is not able to feed its own people, then the only solution is to take debts from other countries. This puts the country in a critical situation from the economic perspective. Moreover, when the country is overpopulated, there is a high rate of unemployment because the government cannot afford job opportunities for the whole population, and also there will be no foreign investment because wherever there is overpopulation, there is an economic decline. One way or another, this situation will lead to crimes and other kind of problems. Environment downfall is the second main effect of overpopulation. First, when there is overpopulation, people need more space where to live, and that means less of green space, less of forests, and less of farmlands. Things that are necessary for surviving. Second, how says overpopulation says pollution with all its different types; as a result, the air, the water, and all the earths resources start being torn down. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of overpopulation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of overpopulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of overpopulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, a high rate of population implies an abusive usage of natural resources; consequently, within a short period of time, we will end up being in a world empty of natural resources, especially the non-renewable ones. The third and the last main effect of overpopulation is educational system decline. The higher the population of a country, the more teachers are needed in schools, and this leads directly to overcrowded schools since the government cannot afford the cost of paying additional teachers, and building new schools with larger capacity. This will effect in a very negative way students way of learning and attitude; for instance, when they see that the conditions are discouraging and not motivating for studying, either they drop out of school or they get involved in some morale deviation like drug usage. Above are the three main effects of overpopulation and their characteristics. It is an issue that concerns everybody, so people should start to think about it seriously and take the necessary measures to reduce or at least stop this phenomenon that is making our life harder from increasing.

The mob and pop culture essays

The mob and pop culture essays Often times you hear the phrase about life imitating art and vice versa. When it comes to pop culture this is especially true. Most often society and pop culture reflect each other. One major influence in this category is the prevalence of organized crime in pop culture. Organized Crime has become a lasting influence in popular culture due to its fascination with the American dream and the way in which they pursue it. In Hollywood and show business in general there is a long standing relationship with organized crime. Early on in Hollywood the influence of organized crime could make or break your career. They had gained control over some motion picture studios as well as part of the recording industry. This relationship is also highlighted in the many ways that Frank Sinatra has been linked to various organized crime figures throughout history. There is a certain brash outlaw mentality that attracts us to organized crime. This has been going on in the movies for a very long time. We can look back at some of the greatest movies of all time and the Godfather trilogy is sure to be listed. Along with other features such as Goodfellas and Casino these films have painted the picture of hard working honest criminals pursuing the American dream by any means necessary. While many people may not agree with the ways in which they kill to advance their dreams many of us can relate to the daily struggles of trying to reach a certain pinnacle of success. Often times they are somewhat admired for the extent they will go to in order to reach their dreams. Beyond the dramatic films organized crime has even reached into the comedy realm with the releases of Analyze This and Analyze That. These films become popular because they begin to paint another side to the story. It shows that while many of the characters in organized crime films have a certain amount of toughness there is also an undeniable human side to these characters. They show t...

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Operations Management - Essay Example The essence of Operations Management is the need to make rational decisions in difficult circumstances with limited, imperfect information Operations management deals with decision making related to production processes to ensure that the results are produced according to specifications. Information about materials, labor and resources are used to obtain goods or services using one or more conversion and transformation processes. This adds value to the product. (Shim and Siegel, 1999, p. 2) Operations management begins with a step-by-step process and plans which are based on careful analysis and decisions of a product or service. Operating plans are made according to long-term and short-term strategy and are translated into schedules to be followed by production processes. Production planning and material control have to be coordinated with manufacturing in the execution of the plan. Main Points Operations management is basically concerned with the production of goods. But it is now linked to almost all areas of business activity. Operations management is concerned with the ‘design, operation and improvement of the systems’ that focuses on the creation and delivery of the company’s product or service (Lowson, 2002, p. 4). Since this definition emphasizes on the systems of the organization, it also emphasizes the internal and external systems that include resources and technologies for the creation and development of the company’s product or service. ... Operations management started as a concept and planning method during the early 1900s of rapid industrialization and the demands of munitions production in World War I. Management scientists Elton Mayo and Frederic Taylor studied people and productivity in factory. There were many firsts during this time as these social scientists provided theories and applications in their studies. Henry Gantt developed his now-famous Gantt chart which is used in project management. Operations management needs vast amount of information in order to be successful. Computers were then non-existent and with the emergence of mainframe digital computers in the 1950s and 1960s, processing and updating of critical path networks became faster and easier. Du Pont, an old-time defence industry organisation exploited this to produce powerful planning and scheduling tool. Globalisation and information revolution influenced the way operations are run in organisations. The Internet and Information Technology have made the life of the operations manager quite easier. This began in the 1970s when the rapid growth of information technology saw the emergence of automation in industries and manufacturing. Vast amounts of information from databases are now available to planners and operations managers. The emergence of IT brought another different kind of project manager on the scene; they are the IT project managers who possessed technical and mental skills needed to lead teams developing IT projects. (Lock, 2007, p. 3) Operations management can be subdivided into sections to make planning and operations easier: 1. Decision making tools and methods 2. Demand

Super size me Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Super size me - Movie Review Example This film earned Morgan Spurlock the best director award in 2004 appreciating his personal investigation and contribution into issues associated with health hazards caused by fast foods. In the 30 days in which Spurlock subjects himself to a steady diet, his normal equilibrium and fit body undergo ugly and dark changes; his cholesterol increases dramatically, grows so fat, his organs develop beatings, and his days are characterized by mood swings, headaches, narrowed sexual energy, and addiction symptoms. The outcome of the film is a too obvious gimmick that cannot sustain any documentary features. This, Spurlock achieves by spending most parts of the film probing on subtle means that the fast food industry has wormed its way into the young children hearts and school lunchrooms. Making himself the subject of the documentary he was covering, Spurlock targets the commercial food industry as his main subject. The outcome of those 30 days was a sure proof of the mental and physical effec ts of easting fast food. The film also targets the American’s food culture through its politics and school corporation. The movie â€Å"Super Size Me† shades a different kind of light on obesity which has proved to be American’s biggest health issues (Super Size Me). The liberty value is what most American citizens value the most. They fight for the freedom of speech and freedom to work and be successful in life. However, this liberty value also involves the freedom to ruin their lives. This view is individualistic; it leaves the responsibility of each citizen’s prosperity on their heads. The worst that comes out of this situation is that it leads to a society that is selfish in which every man’s state is of no significance. This remains a critical issue to the nation as its citizens are intelligent and have a good sense in doing the right things for themselves and to those around them. This is however not the case, people have

The Hotel Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Hotel Industry - Assignment Example People visit hotels for different purposes. The industry offers their customers various of services. The customers need lodging facilities where they can spend their nights and means of transport to move them from one place to another. Restaurants provide foods and drinks during the stay. The hotel industry offers cruise line services, especially for hotels that are located along the coast. Sometimes, customers may contract a selected hotel to oversee planning of special events such as anniversaries, weddings, and special days’ celebrations with proper entertainment services (Puri & Chand, 2009). Products provided by the hotel industry include all types food, soft drinks, and hard drinks. Customers for the hotel industry include people of all ages and races (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Demanders for hotel services and products consist of students, children, middle-aged citizens and the aged. People of all walks usually attend ceremonies such as weddings, conferences and other official functions because they have roles to perform in each of them. Wedding customers demand services of event planners, and these are mostly found in the hotel industry. Business travelers travel on expense account and seek secure hotels that are close to the places of their business rendezvous (Lockyer, 2007). Another group of hotel customers are leisure travelers; these also look for hotels that have leisure activities such as gymnasiums, swimming pools, playgrounds and racing equipment. The hotel industry is dispersed among many companies, each controlling a small market (Brody, 2009). The market structure for the hotel industry is perfect competition. In a perfectly competitive market, there are several buyers and sellers of a particular product; hence, customers have a variety of choices (Khan, 2007). This breaks the market into small portions and each company controls its own market portion. There are several companies in the hotel industry. These include Lords of the Manor, The Feathers Hotel Woodstock, Talbot Hotel, The Trout at Tadpole Bridge, Holbeck Ghyll County House Hotel, and Assured Hotels.

A Review Of Wendys

A Review Of Wendys Executive Summary Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers is an international fast food chain restaurant founded by Dave Thomason November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, and moved headquarters to Dublin, Ohio on January 29, 2006. Wendys was Americas national food, and the worlds third largest hamburger fast food chain with approximately 6,700 locations. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc, the parent company of Arbys. Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendys/Arbys Group. Wendys/Arbys Group is the parent company of Wendys, and is a publicly traded company. Arbys Restaurant Group, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. This report will be focusing on Wendys Burgers of the Wendys/Arbys Group. The main aim of this report is to investigate and analyze the marketing activities of Wendys Burgers. What is the Wendys orientation? What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Wendys? What are the competitive advantages of Wendys? What is the impact of Wendys marketing mix? This report will try to address the above questions and more. INTRODUCTION Wendys/Arbys Group is the parent company of Wendys, and is a publicly traded company. Approximately 77% of Wendys restaurants are franchised, the majority of which are located in North America. Wendys and its affiliates employs more than 46,000 people in its global operations. In fiscal year 2006, the firm had $9.45 billion (USD) in total sales.While Wendys sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality and menu, individual owners have control over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages. Wendys ended 2007 with just under 6000 Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers restaurants in operation. Of these, 1,274 (21%) were company owned and operated while the remaining 4,662 restaurants were franchised. In addition to Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers, Wendys is invested in the Cafe Express and Pasta Pomodoro restaurant chains, owning 70% and 29% of those chains, respectively. Until 2006 Wendys International Inc. also owned the Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh franchises. The chain is known for its square ground beef hamburgers and the Frosty, a form of soft serve ice cream mixed with frozen starches contracted from potato products. The idea for Wendys old fashioned hamburgers was actually inspired by Dave Thomass trips to Kewpee Hamburgers in his home town of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The Kewpee sold square hamburgers and thick malt shakes, much like the well-known restaurant that Thomas eventually founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1969. Thomas named the restaurant after his fourth childMelinda Lou Wendy Thomas. WENDYS ORIENTATION Nature of demand Over the century, market for fast food has increased drastically, time being one of the major constraints. A recession in the early 1980s, combined with high beef prices and Wendys explosive as well as threatening growth incited the burger wars. Wendys moved into the number three spot behind McDonalds and Burger King, fuelled by its introduction of a chain wide salad bar, chicken breast sandwiches, and baked potatoes. Extent of demand As of December 2006, Wendys was Americas national food, and the worlds third largest hamburger fast food chain with approximately 6,700 locations. Approximately 77% of Wendys restaurants are franchised, the majority of which are located in North America. Wendys and its affiliates employs more than 46,000 people in its global operations. In fiscal year 2006, the firm had $9.45 billion (USD) in total sales. Orientation Wendys tries to sense the customer needs and demands. This proves that the company is marketing oriented. Let us now analyze the Wendys orientation towards the marketplace. Companies have their respective beliefs concerning their marketing efforts which are usually varied from company to company. The challenging concepts beneath which companies perform their marketing activities are Production Concept Customers are attracted to those products which are available and cheaper. Organizations following this concept targets on accomplishing the large production competence, minimal costs and bulk distribution. Product Concept The way that Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers does business and markets its product to consumers is due to the change in our society to where the consumer wants the biggest, fastest, and best product they can get for their money. Wendys introduce healthier options amid rising obesity levels and a general interest in healthier foods, some fast food companies have been going in the opposite direction, introducing ever more calorific and fat-laden burgers in a bid to win customers. Selling Concept The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is the primitive selling concept of Wendys burgers. Wendys uses ‘fresh, never frozen beef/fresh ground beef in their hamburger, has moved in line with the Quick Service Restaurant or QSR industry and has been working to offer healthy food choices. Wendys has added sandwiches and salads to its menu, and offers side dish substitutes for French fries. Marketing concept Marketing is the science of actualizing the buying potentials of a market for a specific product. It reflects a selling concept because it centers on promoting a product rather than meeting a defined area of consumer need. The marketing concept sidesteps the basic conflict between buyer and seller. Buyers want lower prices. Sellers want higher prices. The marketing concept does not provide a solution to the classic bargaining problem. Holistic Marketing Concept This involves development, design and implementation of marketing programs, processes, and activities that recognizes organizations breadth and inter dependencies. Precisely, this concept is an approach to marketing that tries to identify and resolve the opportunity and difficulties of marketing activities. There are four main elements in Holistic marketing namely (Kotler and Keller 2006: 16) * Integrated marketing involving communications, products services, channels * Social responsibility marketing involving Ethics, Environment, Legal and Community * Relationship marketing involving Customers, Channel and Partners * Internal marketing involving Marketing department, senior management and other departments. Wendys strictly follows the above concepts as it includes most of the marketing activities. Wendys Business Strategies Wendys new strategy puts its food on center stage and changes its media-buying habits to zero in more narrowly on different market segments. TV spots and print ads will focus on specific audiences instead of delivering the same message to all demographic groups, tailoring the messages to the audiences. In addition, the nearly 6,700-unit chain will advertise on the Internet to attract younger consumers and use a character named Smart Square to appeal to them in TV spots. Globally, all the Wendys employees work together to achieve in Driving Growth, Funding Growth and become Best Place to Work. Conclusion Colgate is a Marketing orientation company. This can be clearly shown below S.W.O.T Analysis â€Å"SWOT analysis is a structured approach for evaluating the strategic position of a business by indentifying its Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats† (Jobber 2007: 63). To get a clear idea of Wendys/Arbys groups outlook, it is useful to analyze the restaurants Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). Additionally, a SWOT analysis summarizes the outcome of marketing audit of the company (Jobber 2007: 61). Positive factors Internal factors Negative or potential to be negative Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats External factors Strengths Positive, tangible and intangible attributes internal to an organization and within the organizations control. * A strength in Wendys manufacturing is that their food is known for its freshness and quality. * This quality of food it said to be one of the main reasons why Wendys has outpaced the annual sales gain of McDonalds from 1998 to 2002 (â€Å"Industry Surveys,† 2003, p. 3). * The expert management system of Wendys burgers adds to its much strength in time managing and store managing skills. * The pleasant atmosphere of all the Wendys stores adds value to its strong customer oriented approach. * Hamburgers are made with fresh, never frozen beef which is a huge hit with the customers. * Being a Global brand, Wendys is capable of worldwide expansion with huge market share and consumer base to capture. * Strong supply chain is one of the key strengths of Wendys burgers with the suppliers meeting the fast food chains constant demand for the in time supply of raw materials in turn meeting the customers requirements. * Another major strength of Wendys is its mid night push plan, it is operating its stores after the mid night also, which attracts the teenage and young people a lot. * One of the major strength of the Wendys is its nutritional valued menu for the people who are maintaining balanced dite. * Wendys is the first restaurant which is offering a special menu for children ansd even for the kids. Weaknesses Internal factors within an organizations control that detract from the organizations ability to attain the desired goal. * A manufacturing weakness could be that it will be difficult for Wendys to make dramatic improvements in the area of store management in the future. * Breakfast menu Wendys experimented with serving breakfast for a short time, but the endeavor was unsuccessful due to several issues. * Constant management changes have lead to a reduction in customer as well as employee satisfaction hindering its growth and expansion. * The franchisee stores are given freedom to have their own store atmosphere and layout and also employee uniforms. * High dependence on a major country is the main weakness of the Wendys. Though it is globalized, it was operating mostly in USA and Canada.In the year 2007,more than 70% of its revenue is from the USA,this phenomenon leads to loss in profit rates at internatioinal market. * The Wendys spreading of its stores is relatively very less, when compared to its close, rivals McDonalds and Burger King.The McDonalds opening 200 stores per year, The Burger King is opening at a rate of 150 per year, but Wendys is opening only 50 stores per year,so the expansion of business will be less. Opportunities External attractive factors that represent the reason for an organization to exist and develop. Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting their competitive position. * Wendys international brand image gives it a scope for expansion into International markets. * Recession has little or no effect on the fast food industry which provides a great opportunity for growth and expansion. * Wendys was the first to introduce ‘fish sandwich making its mark and grabbing a huge market share. * Raising of restaurant business in USA ia a great opportunity for Wendys. According to the Forbs magazine survey, in the year 2007 more than 25% of USA government revenue from fast food sector. The reasons for increment in convenient food consumption is, increasing single parent families, dual working house holds, no time for active cooking at home, hike in living standards of people etc.Wendys can utilize this as a great opportunity to increase its business * Increasing population of teenagers and young people is a great opportunity for Wendys, as it was targeting them. According to the census in 2008, more than 40% of american people are teenagers,which was a great opportunity for Wendys. * Increasing opportunities in developing countries like China and India. In 2007 Wendy,s make one percent of its revenue from India and two percent from China,still to be increased. There is a great opportunity for Wendys to develop its business in developing countries as there is less operating cost when compared to the developed countries. Threats External factors beyond the organizations control which could place the organization mission or operation at risk. * Accusation Wendys was accused recently as a consumer found a human finger in one of its item (Chili). Such kind of accusations would surely affect the brand image and high chances of drop in the market share. Much time and money is consumed to regain the lost share of the fast food market. * Competitors Wendys faces stiff competition in the overall fast food industry, as McDonalds holds a dominating 18% share of the market with Wendys and Burger King holding shares of approximately 2% each. In recent years Wendys has been lagging behind McDonalds and Burger King in same store sales growth, an indicator of how established franchises are faring. In addition to traditional hamburger-based fast food restaurants, Wendys must compete with chains such as Subway, Yum! Brands (YUM) and Jack In The Box (JBX). * Controversy Wendys found itself the focus of a boycott by gay rights groups when the company pulled advertising from the sitcom Ellen in 1997, which it deemed controversial. * Illnesses caused by food is the major threat for any fast food company. Though more care was taken, there was chance of food borne illnesses like e coli, gastric trouble etc. This was a major threat for Wendys. * Food storage and transportation is also a major threat for Wendys. As it is more difficult to store raw materials as there are highly vulnerable. * Targeting a particular section of people is a major threat for Wendys, as it is targeting the teenagers only. This will leads to loose the satisfaction of people of other sections. * International Business expansion Limiting the business to the USA is the major threat to Wendys at international level. Limiting the business may leads to limiting the globalization and decreasing the brand name, profits and sales. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Make the most of these Watch competition closely Threats Restore strengths Strategic turn around required Conclusion Wendys/Arbys group has to maintain all their strengths and grab all the opportunities. On the other hand, Wendys/Arbys group should sooner overcome all its weaknesses and work harder on the threats. Competitive Advantage â€Å"Competitive advantage is the achievement of superior performance through differentiation to provide superior customer value or by managing to achieve lowest delivered cost† (Jobber 2007: 27). Competitive Factors Product Strength — Lack of differentiation- Consumers have accessibility to similar menu that is used by other hamburger chains of the same segment. Hence fulfilling consumers needs. — Unique patty shape- Wendys burgers have a unique square shaped patty instead of a regular round patty, which other hamburger chains use. Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction — Convenience- The ease of accessibility of its stores by deploying them in prime locations adds to consumers convenience. — Speed of service- Implementing drive through and home delivery system in all its stores to attain speedy customer service. Market Share — Third largest company in QSR or Quick Service Restaurants — Introduction of new products like fish sandwich, square shaped fresh ground beef patty, salads in its breakfast menu, etc have been introduced by Wendys. — Fifth in terms of highest total revenue generated next to McDonalds Corporation, Doctors Associates, Yum! Brands and Jack in the Box. Customer Concentration — Location variables Setting up Wendys restaurants where the potential consumer(working class, teenagers, etc) concentration is high. — Strengthen penetration To attain a firm grip in the market where it is already existing. Cost Control — Centralized distribution center — Reduce labor costs Costs associated with labor is a major factor in the success of any business. Wendys labor costs include upper management, but the bulk of Wendys employees are the workers at individual restaurants. Wendys achieved to cut labor cost by downsizing the number of managers from 3.6 to 3.3 by June of 2007. Wendys expects that this will not only decrease labor costs but also enhance efficiency at individual restaurants as they have found that a high number of managers can result in division of responsibility and confusion. In 2007 Wendys total operating costs were approximately $2.29 billion while total revenue was about $2.45 billion, leaving a slim operating income of approximately $156 million. If Wendys labor cost reduction initiative can successfully decrease labor costs without negatively impacting revenues, Wendys could see a substantial increase margins and operating profits. http://cdn.wikinvest.com/i/px.gif — Economies of scale Investments — International fast food market is the best place to invest in as far as Wendys investment options are considered. — Research on untapped foreign markets in order to gain knowledge for future investments. Marketing Mix Analysis †¢ The tools available to a business to gain the reaction it is seeking from its target market in relation to its marketing objectives †¢ 7Ps Price, Product, Promotion, Place, People, Process, Physical Environment †¢ Traditional 4Ps extended to encompass growth of service industry Marketing strategy is generally obtained by the 3 key elements namely the target markets, competitors targets and the competitive advantage (Anderson 2008). Once the marketing strategy is finalized, the company starts looking into the facts of the marketing mix. â€Å"Marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market.† (Armstrong and Kotler 2009). Marketing mix is essential for the company to develop the demand for its products. This can be collectively done by the four vital categories which are well-known as 4-Ps of marketing mix. The 4-Ps are namely Product, Price, Place and Promotion (Armstrong and Kotler 2009: 83). 1.1.1 Product Customer solution â€Å"Product is a good or service offered or performed by an organization or individual, which is capable of satisfying customer needs† (Jobber 2007: 28). Brand name and Quality The brand image is obtained by utilizing the fundamentals of marketing mix (Jobber 2007: 332). Wendys/Arbys Group is the parent company of Wendys, and is a publicly traded company. Wendys Restaurant Group, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. is the franchisor of the Arbys and Wendys restaurant systems and trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol WEN. A change in the companys ownership set the course for menu expansion and a strengthened brand. On September 29, 2008, Triarc Companies Inc. merged with Wendys International, Inc. to form Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. is the third largest quick-service restaurant company in the United States. Wendys restructured its cleanliness standards, menu and other operational details to ensure that stores met the goals and standards of the parent company so that its franchises were competitive in the market. Wendys mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for their customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships. Their vision is to be the quality leader in everything they do. Wendys has a strategic vision focused on these core values: Quality: Freshly-made products and superior service are their passion; consistent excellence in customer service is their goal. All actions are guided by absolute honesty, fairness and respect for every individual. People(consumers) are the key to success, they value all members of the diverse family for their individual contributions and their team achievements. Satisfying internal and external customers needs is the focus of everything they do. Continuous improvement is how they think and innovative change provides competitive opportunities. Features and Variety The Wendys menu features a variety of products that are stated below which are unique from its competitors. * Signature roast beef, including Roast burger. * Market Fresh deli sandwiches. * Market Fresh salads. * Toasted subs. * Jamocha and specialty shakes. * Curly Fries and Side kickers. * Wendys featuresFrench friesas a primary side item, but also offers a number of options for side items/dips, includingsalads(side and Caesar side),chili,yogurtwithgranola,mandarin oranges, andbaked potatoes. In several markets, the customer may request any of these side items to be substituted for fries in its value meals. * In June 2006, Wendys removed their classic Biggie and also the Great Biggie sizes in favor of a more traditional sizing system like; Small, Medium, and Large. * Frostydessert It is asoft serve ice creamdessert sold in chocolate or vanilla flavours. Also sold as a floatand a mix-in dessert called the Twisted Frosty. * In Japan, Wendys offers ared bean pasteand cheese sandwich called as an An Burger * Big Classic- It is a sandwich that directly competes with the Burger Kings Whopper. * Mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato,pickle, ketchup and onion served on aKaiser-style roll. A second version with bacon is available, called the Big Bacon Classic. * Baconator- with mayonnaise, 6 strips of bacon, two 1/4 pound (113.4 gram) patties, ketchup and two pieces of American cheese. * In Dec 2006, Wendys phased out and stopped offering their fried Home style chicken strips in most of its U.S.locations. There is now a chicken club combo in the place of the strips, which features a Home style chicken patty, Spicy chicken patty or a Grilled Chicken patty with Swiss cheese and also bacon. The Home style chicken strips are still available in parts of Canada. * In the Philippines they serve fried chicken, which forms a staple at most fast food restaurants in that country. 1.1.1 Price Customer cost â€Å"Price is the amount of money customers must pay to obtain(buy) the product.† (Armstrong and Kotler 2009: 83). The price of any product partially highlights its quality. Pricing Strategy The Pricing strategy primarily consists of * Getting to know the market. * Elasticity. * Keeping in pace with the competitors. * Because Price and Convenience are near universal throughout firms in the industry, Wendys must focus on becoming the â€Å"highly favored† fast-food choice. Doing so will give customers more inclination to visit store locations. Place Convenience â€Å"Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers.† (Armstrong and Kotler 2009). The vital role of marketing is the process of how the product is being sent from seller to buyer. The means by which the products and services reach the consumer from the producer and where they can be accessed by the consumer. The more places to buy the product and the easier it is made to buy it, the better for the business (and the consumer). Availability Approximately 77% of Wendys restaurants are franchised, the majority of which are located in North America. Wendys and its affiliates employs more than 46,000 people in its global operations. While Wendys sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality and menu, individual owners have control over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages. Wendys operates in 19 countries around the world while its headquarters is based in Dublin, Ohio. It operated in more countries, but closed down in some of them due to certain circumstances. Inventory Wendys never uses frozen beef, its always fresh. 1.1.1 Promotion Communication â€Å"Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it.† (Armstrong and Kotler 2009). Different ways of promoting the product are Advertising Advertising is a major phase of overall product or service development and management. Advertising is specifically part of the outbound marketing activities, or activities geared to communicate to the market, e.g., advertising, promotions, public relations, etc. Wendys recently began a cross-promotion withNintendo. When you buy specific Wendys items you receive a code on that can be entered on the web siteFrostyFloat.comand be entered to win aWii. Wendys marketing arm engages inproduct placementin films (such asThe Day After Tomorrow,Mr. Deeds,Garfield: The Movie, andClick) and television and is sometimes seen on ABCs hitreality showExtreme Makeover: Home Editionserving food to the more than 100 construction workers. A recent Wendys commercial features the tune from theViolent Femmessong Blister in the Sun.ScrubsstarZach Braffcan currently be heard invoiceoverin Wendys newest commercials. With the launch of the new ad campaign, Wendys has also unveiled a new slogan, Thats right. Few of the advertising slogans of Wendys are given below US Canada * 1970 Present:Quality Is Our Recipe * 1978:Juicy hamburgers and lots of napkins * 1979: Hot-N-Juicy * 1980:Wendys Has the Taste * 1981:Aint No Reason to Go Anyplace Else * 1982:Youre Wendys Kind of People * 1983:Parts is parts * 1984:Wheres the beef?[3] * 1986:Choose Fresh, choose Wendys[15] * 1987:Give a little nibble * Circa 1990:The best burgers and a whole lot more(also was printed inside the hamburger wrappers during the 1990s) * 1997 Present:Eat great, even late * 2002:Its hamburger bliss. * 2004:Its better here[16] * 2004:Always Great, Even Late. * 2005 2007:Do what tastes right.(primary slogan) * 2005 Present:It takes flair to be square. * 2007:Thats right. * 2007:Uh Huh. * 2007:Hot Juicy Burgers International * 1983:Its the best time forWendys(Philippines) * 2000 (approx) Present:We dont cut corners(New Zealand) * 2000 (approx) Present:Wendys cuadra contigo(Wendys fits with you). The wordcuadra(fit) is a reference to the wordcuadrothat meanssquare(Venezuela) * 2001 (approx) Present:El Sabor de lo Recien Hecho(The Flavor of the Brand New Made) (Honduras) * 2007 (approx) Present:Wendys es Sensacional(Wendys is Sensational) (El Salvador) Personal selling Personal selling involves incentive programs, sales presentations and trade shows (Armstrong and Kotler 2009: 383). Personal selling is oral communication with potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale. The personal selling may focus initially on developing a relationship with the potential buyer, but will always ultimately end with an attempt to close the sale Personal selling is one of the oldest forms of promotion. It involves the use of asales forceto support apush strategy(encouraging intermediaries to buy the product) or apull strategy(where the role of the sales force may be limited to supporting retailers and providing after-sales service). Sales Promotion Sales promotion is any initiative undertaken by an organization to promote an increase in sales, usage or trial of a product or service. Sales promotions can be directed at either thecustomer, sales staff, ordistributionchannel members (such asretailers).

Comparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and H

Comparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Rationalists would claim that knowledge comes from reason or ideas, while empiricists would answer that knowledge is derived from the senses or impressions. The difference between these two philosophical schools of thought, with respect to the distinction between ideas and impressions, can be examined in order to determine how these schools determine the source of knowledge. The distinguishing factor that determines the perspective on the foundation of knowledge is the concept of the divine. Descartes is a prime example of a rationalist. Descartes begins his Meditations on First Philosophy by doubting his senses in the first meditation. â€Å"From time to time I [Descartes] have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once†(Descartes: 12). In the second meditation, Descartes begins to rebuild the world he broke down in the first meditation by establishing cogito ergo sum with the aid of natural light. It is with this intuition that the cogito is established, from the cogito, intellect, from the intellect, knowledge; thus knowledge has been defined in this world that Descartes is constructing from scratch. Descartes uses the fact that he is a thinking thing to establish the existence of other things in the world with the cosmological and ontological arguments, as well as a meditation on truth and falsity. â€Å"So now I seem to be able to lay it down as a general rule that whatever I perceive very clearly and distinctly is true† (Descartes: 24). Descartes only utilizes his perceptions to establish ideas of the things t... ...traced back to original impressions. The source of knowledge is not a topic that is universally agreed upon. To rationalists, who usually have a sense of the divine, innate ideas give them cause to base knowledge in reason, being derived from ideas. To empiricists, who do not hold innate ideas to be valid, knowledge is unearthed through the senses, derived from observations. The presence of a concept of the divine is the deciding factor of whether knowledge originates from the senses or the ideas. Works Cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin. Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis. 1985. Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. Translated by John Cottingham. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 1996. Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 2nd edition. Hackett Publishing: Indianapolis. 1993.

Is Sex Education Necessary in School

Is Sex Education Necessary in School? By: Zainul Jum’ah Introducing sex education in the schools of India is an important issue. A 2007 ministry of women and child development study shows that over 50 percent of children are sexually abused. Sex is still considered a taboo in India. Parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Due to the ignorance of sex education they fall victim to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Many NGOs are trying to create awareness on AIDS.Sex education can help people to take decisions regarding health and sexuality. It is high time for sex-education to the introduced in schools for the benefit of the youth of the country. Introducing sex-education in the schools of India is an important issue. Recommendations of the National curriculum frame work 2000 focus on cultivating a proper understanding of sex related issues with special focus on teenage pregnancies, drug addiction and adolescent education. A 2007 M inistry of women and child development study shows that over 50 percent of our children are sexually abused.In half of these cases, the abuse is perpetrated by persons in positions of trust and a majority of the children do not report it due to fear. Sex education has become a debatable issue. Many people feel that these kind of delicate issues should be left to the parents. Parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Sex is still considered a taboo in the Indian society. It is considered that teaching our children about their sexuality can break down pre-existing notions of modesty and tear the moral fabric of our society.But with the alarming increase of AIDS, unwanted / unplanned / unwed pregnancies and other diseases related to sex, it is important that sex-education should be given importance in schools and colleges. Physical and mental changes in children start appearing with puberty. Sexual development begins much earlier than that. Many childr en find it strange or difficult to cope up with the changes. They grow up with curiosity stamped on their minds. So it is very important to provide them sex education.It makes growing children aware of the various changes taking place in their bodies and prepare them for responsible adulthood. Surveys indicate that on an average, every urban student watches television for two hours daily. The foreign television channels, the vulgar scenes shown in Indian cinema and video albums create a negative impact on them. The movie and serials on the small screen stimulate the younger generation sexually. Thus in the absence of sound knowledge about sex they commit mistakes which result in unwanted pregnancies, HIV positive cases and other sexually transmitted diseases.In India 15 percent of the HIV/AIDS patients are actually children under 15 years of age. Sex education can help people to take decisions regarding health and sexuality. Teaching children about sex in classroom would encourage t hem to view it as a natural, normal and healthy part of life. Sex education should be introduced in schools and colleges. If children and youngsters learn about sex in scientific and objective way, they would be more careful before indulging in sex secretly. At least they would be careful to take precautions so as to avoid pregnancies and diseases.India, and most Asian countries, also fell behind Western countries on their level of confidence on how to protect themselves from HIV-AIDS (75. 3 percent), and even lower on level of confidence on how to avoid pregnancy (73 percent). Parents, in India, are known to hide their affection towards each other, in front of their children. The children grow up to believe that love is a taboo and it is perverse to display one's affection in public. Parents should understand the psyche of their children. Parents should initiate their children in the meaning of love. The love they display for their children. y giving gifts, sharing and caring for t hem, should also be shown for each other by behaving like perfectly normal friends. Parents should talk with their children more often to give them the feeling of security in the family. This could make the children open up their problems and help the parents root out the cause. Interaction with the friends of their children also would give an idea about their background and the minds of the younger lot. The parents should take in their children as confidants and warm them against developing friendships with immoral friends.There has been a rise in incidents of physical abuse to children. According to a WHO study over 50 percent children have faced one or more forms of sexual abuse. Children fall victim to the advances of elders. According to a survey, 50 percent children are abused by people known to them. They keep silent and live with the trauma throughout their lives. Sex education can supply our young people with the tools to report and resist abusive behaviors, and provide the m with a forum for expressing their fears and feelings honestly and openly.In a world, full of exploitation, children are the most vulnerable section of our society. They need to be taught the difference between gentle touch and bad touch in order to protect themselves from various forms of child abuse. Many psychologists have argued that sex education has the potential to liberate us from socially organized sexual oppression. In addition it helps adolescents come to healthy terms with their sexual identities and overcome feelings of guilt shame. During the period of adolescence children begin to see the world in a mature way.Many NGOs have introduced training programs on AIDS and HIV awareness. They should be encouraged and the schools and colleges should co-operate with them to give the desired result. Schools life remains an integral part of every child's development. Along with the academic subjects, sex-education should be given equal importance. Trained teachers, psychologists and medical consultants should deal with the subject. While imparting sex-education the boys and girls should be divided into two groups (one for boys and other for girls).They should be taught separately. This way the lady teachers should teach girls and male teachers should teach boys. Children will not feel embarrassed. They will freely clarify their doubts and queries. Due care should be taken about the contents of the subject. This should be decided by a team of doctors and psychologists of the respective field. It is high time for sex-education to be introduced in the educational curriculum. Sex education in schools would dispel many of the myths prevalent among school children. It will create a liberal thinking among youth.